\u00dcsk\u00fcdar \u00dcniversitesi Kurucu Rekt\u00f6r\u00fc, Psikiyatrist Prof. Dr. Nevzat Tarhan, \u00f6d\u00fcl-ceza psikolojisi konusunu de\u011ferlendirdi.<\/p>\n
\u0130nsan beyni ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011fitime g\u00f6re tepkisini de\u011fi\u015ftirir<\/p>\n
Psikiyatrist Prof. Dr. Nevzat Tarhan, insan beyninin \u00f6d\u00fcl-ceza sistemine verdi\u011fi tepkilerin hayvan beyninden farkl\u0131 i\u015fledi\u011fini belirterek, modern e\u011fitim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda i\u00e7sel motivasyonun \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n
Hayvan beyninin cezaya daha \u00f6nce tepki verdi\u011fini dile getiren Prof. Dr. Tarhan, \u201c\u0130nsan beyni ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011fitime g\u00f6re tepkisini de\u011fi\u015ftirir. \u00c7ok cezayla yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015fse cezaya daha erken tepki verir; \u00f6d\u00fcle ise daha sonra kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verir. \u0130nsan bunu de\u011fi\u015ftirebiliyor, yorumlayabiliyor. Hayvanda ise ceza tepkisi daha h\u0131zl\u0131d\u0131r. Beyinde negatif olaylara tepki, pozitif olaylara tepkiye g\u00f6re alt\u0131 misli daha fazla ve h\u0131zl\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d dedi.<\/p>\n
EEG testleriyle bu durumun \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ifade eden Prof. Dr. Tarhan, \u201cBeyin negatif uyaranlara 50 milisaniye i\u00e7inde tepki verirken, pozitif uyaranlara tepki i\u00e7in 300 milisaniye gerekir. Yani beynimiz olumsuz bilgiyi olumluya g\u00f6re yakla\u015f\u0131k 6 kat daha h\u0131zl\u0131 alg\u0131l\u0131yor.\u201d dedi.<\/p>\n
Serotonin s\u00fcreci \u00f6d\u00fcllendirir, anlam katar<\/p>\n
Modern n\u00f6robilimde \u201c\u00f6d\u00fcl-ceza\u201d yerine \u201c\u00f6d\u00fcl ve ka\u00e7\u0131nma yolaklar\u0131\u201d tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulayan Prof. Dr. Tarhan, \u201cK\u00f6pe\u011fe iyi davran\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in \u015feker vermek, k\u00f6t\u00fc davran\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in cezaland\u0131rmak i\u015fe yarar. Ama insan beyninde sadece dopamin sistemiyle, d\u0131\u015fsal motivasyonla ilerlemek ki\u015fiyi sahte davran\u0131\u015flara s\u00fcr\u00fckler. Modern anlay\u0131\u015f diyor ki, sadece dopamin de\u011fil; serotonin sistemini de \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc serotonin s\u00fcreci \u00f6d\u00fcllendirir, anlam katar.\u201d diye konu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
S\u00fcreci \u00f6d\u00fcllendirin, i\u00e7sel motivasyon geli\u015fsin<\/p>\n
Prof. Dr. Tarhan, insan\u0131n karakter ve sorumluluk bilincinin, d\u0131\u015fsal \u00f6d\u00fcllerle de\u011fil s\u00fcre\u00e7 odakl\u0131 e\u011fitimle geli\u015fti\u011fine i\u015faret ederek,\u00a0\u201cBir insana s\u00fcrekli \u2018\u015funu yap, al \u00f6d\u00fcl; bunu yap, al destek\u2019 derseniz, i\u00e7sel motivasyon geli\u015fmez. Hep ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcne bakan, m\u00fcd\u00fcr varken \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, kontrol edilmedi\u011finde kaytaran insanlar yeti\u015fir. Halbuki insan\u0131n \u00f6zerklik duygusu geli\u015fmeli, yaln\u0131z kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da do\u011fruyu yapabilmeli.\u201d ifadesinde bulundu.<\/p>\n
\u00c7ocuklukta \u00f6\u011frenilen davran\u0131\u015flar tekrarla ki\u015filik haline gelir\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u0130nsan ki\u015fili\u011finin yaln\u0131zca \u00fc\u00e7te birinin genetik oldu\u011funu, geri kalan\u0131n\u0131n ise\u00a0epigenetik yani \u00f6\u011frenilmi\u015f al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klardan olu\u015ftu\u011funu belirten Prof. Dr. Tarhan,\u00a0\u201c\u00c7ocuklukta \u00f6\u011frenilen davran\u0131\u015flar tekrarla ki\u015filik haline gelir. 6 hafta tekrarlarsan\u0131z al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k, 6 ay tekrarlarsan\u0131z ki\u015filik olur. Epigenetik mekanizmalar sayesinde beyin yanl\u0131\u015f d\u00fcrt\u00fcleri kapatabilir, do\u011fru davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 otomatik hale getirebilir.\u201d \u015feklinde konu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
Bask\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri zeki ama tembel bireyler yeti\u015ftiriyor<\/p>\n
Prof. Dr. Tarhan, totaliter sistemlerin e\u011fitim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 da dikkat \u00e7ekerek, \u201cOtoriter, korku odakl\u0131 e\u011fitim k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinde insanlar genellikle pasif agresif olur. \u2018Evet\u2019 der ama yapmaz. Bu y\u00fczden bu toplumlarda zeki ama tembel insan \u00e7oktur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u0131\u015fsal motivasyona ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 yeti\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Yenilik\u00e7i ve giri\u015fimci bireyler bu nedenle az \u00e7\u0131kar. G\u00fcvenli toplumlarda hukuk i\u015fler, ki\u015fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemez s\u00fcrprizlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmaz. Yanl\u0131\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmak yerine \u00f6\u011frenme f\u0131rsat\u0131 sunulur. Bu y\u00fczden \u00f6zerklik, risk alma ve yenilik\u00e7ilik geli\u015fir. \u0130\u00e7sel motivasyonun temelinde de bu g\u00fcven vard\u0131r.\u201d ifadelerini kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n
Modern \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunu yaln\u0131zl\u0131k<\/p>\n
Prof. Dr. Nevzat Tarhan, insan ili\u015fkilerinin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kurulabilmesi i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenli ba\u011flanma, empati ve i\u00e7sel motivasyonun \u00f6nemine dikkat \u00e7ekerek, \u201cModern \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunu yaln\u0131zl\u0131k. Bunun arkas\u0131nda egolar\u0131n \u015fi\u015fmesi ve \u00e7\u0131kar odakl\u0131 ya\u015fam anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 var. Oysa insan\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar de\u011fil, do\u011fruluk odakl\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmesi gerekiyor\u201d dedi.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcvenli ba\u011flanma ve derin ili\u015fkiler<\/p>\n
Prof. Dr. Tarhan, yak\u0131n \u00e7evre ile kurulan ili\u015fkilerin birey i\u00e7in bir g\u00fcven alan\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirterek, \u201cBir insan\u0131n birinci dereceden yak\u0131nlar\u0131yla kurdu\u011fu ba\u011flar derin ve anlaml\u0131ysa g\u00fcvenli ba\u011flanma vard\u0131r. Ev g\u00fcven alan\u0131d\u0131r. Sosyal ili\u015fkiler de g\u00fcvenli olabilir fakat anlaml\u0131l\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r\u201d diye konu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
Bireylerin yaln\u0131zca i\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini vurgulayan Prof. Dr. Tarhan, insanlar\u0131n mutlaka amat\u00f6rce u\u011fra\u015faca\u011f\u0131, keyif alaca\u011f\u0131 bir me\u015fgalesi olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n
Narsistik bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 yaln\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ili\u015fkilerin h\u0131zla t\u00fcketildi\u011fine i\u015faret eden Prof. Dr. Tarhan, \u201c\u015eimdilerde \u2018sana uymuyorsa git\u2019, \u2018yapam\u0131yorsan ayr\u0131l\u2019 gibi yakla\u015f\u0131mlar \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Bu, narsistik bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. \u2018Sen de\u011ferlisin, sen \u00f6nemlisin, herkes sana uymak zorunda\u2019 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 insan\u0131 yaln\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor\u201d \u015feklinde konu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u0131karc\u0131 olmak m\u0131, erdemli olmak m\u0131?<\/p>\n
Kapitalist sistemin \u00e7\u0131kar odakl\u0131 bir ahlak anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretti\u011fine vurgu yapan Prof. Dr. Tarhan, \u201cKapital sistem \u2018\u00e7\u0131karc\u0131 olmak k\u00e2rl\u0131d\u0131r\u2019 diyor. Ancak i\u00e7sel motivasyonu \u00f6nceleyen e\u011fitim anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u2018erdemli olmak k\u00e2rl\u0131d\u0131r\u2019 der. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc erdemli olan ki\u015fi orta ve uzun vadede kazan\u0131r, \u00e7\u0131karc\u0131 olan ise k\u0131sa vadede kazansa da sonunda kaybeder\u201d diye konu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
Pozitif disiplin ve \u00f6d\u00fcl sistemi<\/p>\n
\u00d6\u011frenme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn esas, cezan\u0131n ise istisna olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine i\u015faret eden Prof. Dr. Tarhan, \u201cBeyin korkuyla de\u011fil, anlam ve ama\u00e7 odakl\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmeyle kal\u0131c\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00f6\u011frenir. \u00c7ocuklara hata yapt\u0131klar\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131rmak ya da cezaland\u0131rmak yerine, o hatay\u0131 bir \u00f6\u011frenme f\u0131rsat\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek gerekir. B\u00f6ylece \u00e7ocukta su\u00e7luluk yerine sorumluluk ve empati geli\u015fir.\u201d ifadesinde bulundu.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u00e7sel motivasyonun 3 temel unsuru<\/p>\n
Prof. Dr. Tarhan, bireyde yetkinlik, \u00f6zerklik ve kendini a\u015fan bir amac\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7sel motivasyonun temel unsurlar\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirterek, \u201cD\u0131\u015f \u00f6d\u00fcl odakl\u0131 ki\u015filer r\u00fczg\u00e2rla giden yelkenli gibidir. R\u00fczg\u00e2r yoksa ilerleyemezler. \u0130\u00e7sel motivasyonu olan ki\u015filer ise buharl\u0131 gemi gibidir; kendi g\u00fcc\u00fcyle yol alabilir. Bu nedenle e\u011fitim sistemleri bireye i\u00e7sel motivasyonu \u00f6\u011fretmelidir\u201d dedi.<\/p>\n
\u0130nsan\u0131n kendini de\u011ferlendirme bi\u00e7imi\u00a0ili\u015fkilerini do\u011frudan etkiliyor<\/p>\n
Prof. Dr. Nevzat Tarhan, insan\u0131n kendini de\u011ferlendirme bi\u00e7iminin hem ki\u015fisel geli\u015fimi hem de toplumsal ili\u015fkileri do\u011frudan etkiledi\u011fini dile getirerek, \u201c\u00d6z g\u00fcven, ki\u015finin olumlu y\u00f6nlerini g\u00f6r\u00fcp onlar\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken olumsuz y\u00f6nlerine kar\u015f\u0131 da \u00f6nlem almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Ancak \u00f6z be\u011feni, ki\u015finin kendini kusursuz g\u00f6rmesine yol a\u00e7ar. Bu da narsistik ki\u015filik yap\u0131s\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlar\u201d diye konu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
Fedak\u00e2rl\u0131k \u015femas\u0131 merhamet yorgunlu\u011funa yol a\u00e7ar<\/p>\n
Prof. Dr. Tarhan, baz\u0131 ki\u015filik yap\u0131lar\u0131nda fedak\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131ya ka\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaydederek, \u201cFedak\u00e2rl\u0131k \u015femas\u0131 olan ki\u015filer herkese iyilik yapmak zorunda hisseder. \u0130yilik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda iyi, yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00f6t\u00fc bir insan oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Hak edene de etmeyene de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde davran\u0131r. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda nank\u00f6rl\u00fck g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ise y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r, kendini su\u00e7lar. Bu noktada su\u00e7luluk duygusu gerek\u00e7esi biliniyorsa \u00f6\u011frenmeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr; ama gerek\u00e7esiz su\u00e7luluk hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Yo\u011fun su\u00e7luluk ve yetersizlik duygular\u0131 depresyon belirtileridir.\u201d ifadesinde bulundu.<\/p>\n
\u0130nsan kendini aldatma ustas\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n
\u0130nsan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck tuzaklar\u0131ndan birinin zihinsel zaaflar\u0131 oldu\u011funu vurgulayan Prof. Dr. Tarhan, \u201c\u0130nsan \u00e7ok zeki olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen aptalca \u015feyler yapabilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc insan kendi kendini aldatma ustas\u0131d\u0131r. H\u0131zl\u0131 kararlar \u00e7o\u011fu zaman zihinsel tuzaklara yol a\u00e7ar. \u0130\u00e7sel motivasyonu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olanlar ise olaylar\u0131 daha iyi analiz eder ve cezaya gerek kalmadan do\u011fruyu se\u00e7er\u201d diye konu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
Fiziksel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm kutsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, toplum dopamin ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131s\u0131 oldu<\/p>\n
Sosyal medyan\u0131n fiziksel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcme a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 vurgu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dile getiren Prof. Dr. Tarhan, \u201cBug\u00fcn gen\u00e7sen, g\u00fczelsen, yak\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131ysan de\u011ferlisin; de\u011filsen de\u011fersizsin anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 h\u00e2kim. Hollywood dopamin end\u00fcstrisi gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Oysa as\u0131l olan serotonin toplumudur. Anlam, sanat, edebiyat, \u015fiir ve kendini a\u015fan ama\u00e7larla elde edilen mutluluk daha kal\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Dopamin toplumu t\u00fcketim k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc k\u00f6r\u00fcklerken, serotonin toplumu erdemi ve anlam\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r\u201d \u015feklinde konu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck sorumlulukla dengelenmeli<\/p>\n
Prof. Dr. Tarhan, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek, \u201c\u0130nsan \u00f6zg\u00fcrd\u00fcr ama sorumsuz de\u011fildir. Ba\u015fkas\u0131na da kendine de zarar verme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yoktur. \u00d6rne\u011fin ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k tedavisinde ki\u015fi alg\u0131lar\u0131 bozuldu\u011fu i\u00e7in kendi karar\u0131n\u0131 veremez. B\u00f6yle durumlarda zorunlu tedavi uygulan\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, sorumlulukla dengelenirse ger\u00e7ek anlam\u0131na kavu\u015fur. \u00d6zg\u00fcr\u00fcz ama sorumsuz de\u011filiz. \u00d6zg\u00fcr\u00fcz diye ba\u015fkas\u0131na zarar verme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz yok. Kendimize de zarar verme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz yok.\u201d dedi.<\/p>\n
Karma inanc\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek bir anlam\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olmak g\u00fcven sa\u011flar<\/p>\n
\u0130nsan\u0131n belirsizli\u011fe tahamm\u00fcl edemedi\u011fini hat\u0131rlatan Prof. Dr. Tarhan, \u201cBeyin belirsizli\u011fi tehdit olarak alg\u0131lar. Bu nedenle insan ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olaylar\u0131 mutlaka anlamland\u0131rmak ister. \u0130nan\u00e7 sistemleri, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ya da y\u00fcksek bir amaca ba\u011flanma bu noktada devreye girer. Ki\u015fi kendini daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir anlam\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 hissetti\u011finde belirsizlik azal\u0131r, g\u00fcven duygusu artar. Anlam ve inan\u00e7, insan zihninde koruyucu bir kalkan g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. \u0130nsan ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olaylar\u0131 anlamland\u0131r\u0131yor ve bir inanc\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 oluyor. Karma da anlamland\u0131rma yap\u0131yor. Y\u00fcksek bir anlam\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olmak ki\u015fi de belirsizli\u011fi gideriyor. Kendini g\u00fcvende hissediyor. Korkular azal\u0131yor.\u201d \u015feklinde s\u00f6zlerini tamamlad\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
Kaynak: (BYZHA) Beyaz Haber Ajans\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u00dcsk\u00fcdar \u00dcniversitesi Kurucu Rekt\u00f6r\u00fc, Psikiyatrist Prof. Dr. Nevzat Tarhan, \u00f6d\u00fcl-ceza psikolojisi konusunu de\u011ferlendirdi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10334,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[1117,4341,2294,452,688],"class_list":["post-10333","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-saglik","tag-insan","tag-kendini","tag-konustu","tag-odakli","tag-tarhan"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vansondakikahaberler.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10333","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vansondakikahaberler.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vansondakikahaberler.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vansondakikahaberler.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vansondakikahaberler.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10333"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vansondakikahaberler.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10333\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vansondakikahaberler.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10334"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vansondakikahaberler.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10333"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vansondakikahaberler.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10333"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vansondakikahaberler.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10333"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}